Sobresalientes Potencialidades de las Bacterias del Género Bacillus para el Biocontrol de Fitopatógenos y para Biorremediación: Outstanding Potential of Bacillus Genus Bacteria for Phytopathogen Biocontrol and Bioremediation
Publicado 2024-12-27
Palabras clave
- menor uso de plaguicidas,
- control biológico,
- biotecnología del biocontrol
Cómo citar
Resumen
Los consumidores, cada vez mas concientes de los riesgos que implica los resíduos tóxicos derivados del uso de plaguicidas, estan exigiendo productos agrolimentarios con mayores garantías de inocuidad. Esto ha motivado en la investigación, la búsqueda de alternativas para protección de los cultivos para mantener a raya a plagas y microorgnismos patógenos, con menor uso de pesticidas. El biocontrol, que hace uso de organismos o productos derivados de estos para disminuir a los organismos perjudiciales, y favorecer el pleno desarrollo de las plantas, es una opción que logra mas adeptos en el sector productivo y en los consumidores. Los agentes de biocontrol mas utilizados para el confeccionado de protocolos para cultivos específicos, descansa básicamente en especies de Bacillus, Pseudomonas y Trichoderma. En Bacillus, cinco especies son las mas investigadas y utilizadas, entre ellas B. velezensis, B. subtilis y B. amyloliquefaciens. Sobresale Bacillus con múltiples modalidades para impactar en el crecimiento de las plantas; pueden inhibir a los fitopatógenos con una variedad de antibióticos que sintetizan, pueden promover el crecimiento de las plantas con las moléculas tipo fitohormonas que pueden producir, pueden proveer a las plantas con mayores cantidades de elementos nutritivos mediante la solubilización y biodisponibilidad de estos en el suelo, y pueden activar en plantas la resistencia sistémica para darle mas fortaleza ante el ataque de fitopatógenos. En biorremediación, Bacillus destaca por su capacidad para quelar elementos tóxicos como los metales pesados, atraerlos y procesarlos con la disminución o eliminación de su toxicidad. Similarmente, pueden ayudar en la degradación de los herbicidas. Con genómica y bioinformática, y con acompañamiento de inteligencia artificial (IA) se imprime una mayor velocidad en el desasrrollo de nuevas herramientas de biotecnología, que habrán de dar cuenta de cultivos mas sanos con mayores rendimientos, y con menor uso de pesticidas.
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