Artículos
Publicado 2024-11-01
Palabras clave
- endodoncia regenerativa,
- pulpa dental,
- dientes inmaduros permanentes,
- necrosis,
- andamios
Resumen
Los tratamientos endodónticos tradicionales para dientes inmaduros con pulpa necrótica, a menudo resultan en una integridad estructural comprometida y una mayor susceptibilidad a fracturas debido a la interrupción del crecimiento de la raíz y las paredes radiculares delgadas. La terapia endodóntica basada en células consiste en el cultivo de células troncales exógenas para promover la regeneración pulpar, incluyendo la variedad de células, proteínas y estructuras tridimensionales encontradas en una pulpa sana. La aplicación de técnicas innovadoras basadas en principios de ingeniería de tejidos promete mejores resultados clínicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar las aplicaciones de la ingeniería de tejidos en el área de endodoncia regenerativa como un camino hacia la regeneración de tejido pulpar y periapical en dientes permanentes inmaduros. La integración de estos conceptos ha dado lugar a avances significativos en el tratamiento de dientes con ápices abiertos y pulpa necrótica.
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Referencias
Alfadda, S., Alquria, T., Karaismailoglu, E., Aksel, H., & Azim, A. A. (2021). Antibacte- rial effect and bioactivity of innovative and currently used intracanal medicaments in regenerative endodontics. Journal of En- dodontics.https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joen.2021.05.005
Alqahtani, Q., Zaky, S., Patil, A., Beniash, E., Ray, H., & Sfeir, C. (2018). Decellularized Swine Dental Pulp Tissue for Regenerative Root Canal Therapy. Journal Of Dental Research, 97(13), 1460-1467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518785124
Anitua, E., Troya, M., & Zalduendo, M. (2018). Progress in the use of dental pulpstem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy, 20(4), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011
Arruda, M. E., Neves, M. A., Diogenes, A., Mdala, I., Guilherme, B. P., Siqueira, J. F., & Rôças, I. N. (2018). Infection Control in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis Using a Triple Antibiotic Solution or Calcium Hydroxide with Chlorhexidine: A Rando- mized Clinical Trial. Journal of Endodontics, 44(10), 1474–1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.001
Aydin, S., & Şahin, F. (2019). Stem Cells Derived from Dental Tissues. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 123–132.https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_333
Belli, S., Eraslan, O., & Eskitaşcıoğlu, G. (2018). Effect of Different Treatment Options on Biomechanics of Immature Teeth: A Finite Element Stress Analysis Study. Journal of endodontics, 44(3), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.037
Chang B, Ahuja N, Ma C, Liu X. (2017). Injectable scaffolds: Preparation and application in dental and craniofacial regeneration. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2017 Jan;111:1-26. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2016.11.001.PMID: 28649171; PMCID: PMC5478172.
Colombo, J. S., Moore, A. N., Hartgerink, J. D., & D'Souza, R. N. (2014). Scaffolds to control inflammation and facilitate dental pulp regeneration. Journal of endodontics, 40(4 Suppl), S6–S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.019
De Paula, K. B. (2018). Calcium hypochlorite solutions — An in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial action and pulp dissolution. European Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.14744/eej.2018.64936
Dianat, O., Vatankhah, M., Khosravi, K., Zargar, N., Shirvani, A., & Nekoofar, M. (2022). Antibacterial efficacy of antibiotic pastes versus calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: A systematic review and meta-ana- lysis of ex vivo studies. Journal of Conservative Dentistry/Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 25(5), 463. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_183_22
Diogenes, A., & Hargreaves, K. M. (2017). Microbial modulation of stem cells and future directions in regenerative endodontics. Journal of Endodontics, 43(9), S95–S101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.012
Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. Scaffold-based and Scaffold-free Strategies in Dental Pulp Regeneration. J Endod. (2020) Sep;46(9S):S81-S89. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.022. PMID: 32950199.
Divya D, Naik SV, Raju OS, Shivani B, Basappa N, Betur AP. (2021) Conceptual combination of disinfection in regenerative endodontics: Conventional versus laser-assisted disinfection. J. Conserv Dent. 2021 May-Jun;24(3):252-259
Eramo, S., Natali, A., Pinna, R., & Milia, E. (2017). Dental pulp regeneration via cell homing. International Endodontic Journal, 51(4),405–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12868
Fouad, A. F., Diogenes, A. R., Torabinejad, M., & Hargreaves, K. M. (2022). Microbiome Changes during Regenerative Endodontic Treatment Using Different Methods of Disinfection. Journal of Endodontics, 48(10), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2022.07.004
Galler, K. M., & Widbiller, M. (2020). Cell-Free approaches for dental pulp tissue engineering. Journal of Endodontics, 46(9), S143–S149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.034
Hargreaves, K. M., Goodis, H. E., & Tay, F. R. (2012). Seltzer and Bender’s dental Pulp Quintessence Publishing (IL).
Huang, X., Li, Z., Liu, A., Liu, X., Guo, H., Wu, M., Yang, X., Han, B., & Xuan, K. (2021). Microenvironment Influences Odontogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated Dental Pulp Regeneration. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 656588.https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.656588
Jiang, X., Liu, H., & Peng, C. (2021). Conti- nued root development of immature permanent teeth after regenerative endodontics with or without a collagen membrane: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. International journal of paediatric dentistry, 32(2), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12853
Keinan, D., Asbi, T., Shalish, M., & Slutzky-Goldberg, I. (2022). An Assessment of the Effects of Orthodontic Treatment after Apexification of Traumatized Immature Permanent Teeth: A Retrospective Study. Journal of en- dodontics, 48(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.012
Kim, S. G., Malek, M., Sigurdsson, A., Lin, L. M., & Kahler, B. (2018). Regenerative endodontics: a comprehensive review. International endodontic journal, 51(12), 1367–1388. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12954
Lambrichts, I., Driesen, R. B., Dillen, Y., Gevois, P., Ratajczak, J., Vangansewinkel, T., Wolfs, E., Bronckaers, A., & Hilkens, P.
(2017). Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Their Potential in Reinnervation and Angiogenesis by Using Scaffolds. Journal of endodontics, 43(9S), S12–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joen.2017.06.001
Lee, H., Liang, C., Liao, L., & Tian, W. (2021). Advances in research on stem Cell-Based pulp regeneration. Jo’jig Gonghag Gwa Jaesaeng Uihag/Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 18(6), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-021-00389-2
Lin LM, Huang GT, Sigurdsson A, Kahler B. (/2021). Clinical cell-based versus cell-free regenerative endodontics: clarification of concept and term. Int Endod J. 2021 Jun;54(6):887-901. doi: 10.1111/iej.13471. Epub 2021 Jan 23. PMID: 33389773.
Lin, J., Zeng, Q., Wei, X., Zhao, W., Cui, M., Gu, J., Lu, J., Yang, M., & Ling, J. (2017). Regenerative Endodontics Versus Apexification in Immature Permanent Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of endodontics, 43(11), 1821–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.023
Mabrouk M, Beherei HH, Das DB. (2020). Recent progress in the fabrication techniques of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020 May;110:110716. https://doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110716. Epub 2020 Feb 3. PMID: 32204028.
Narayanan, L., & Vaishnavi, C. (2010). Endodontic microbiology. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 13(4), 233. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.73386
Neishabouri, A., Khaboushan, A. S., Daghigh, F., Kajbafzadeh, A., & Zolbin, M. M. (2022). Decellularization in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Evaluation, Modification, and Application Methods. Frontiers In Bioengineering And Biotechnology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.805299
Oliver-Urrutia, C., Ibañez, R. R., Flores-Merino, M. V., Vojtova, L., Salplachta, J., Čelko, L., Kaiser, J., & Montufar, E. B. (2021). Lyophilized Polyvinylpyrrolidone Hydrogel for Culture of Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells. Materials, 14(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010227
Puppala, R., Kethineni, B., Raghavendra, K. J., Abbas, A., Birapu, U. C., & Reddy, P. (2020). Efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as apical barriers in immature permanent teeth: a microbiological study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 13(6), 656–662. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1853
Raddall G, Mello I, Leung BM. Biomaterials and Scaffold Design Strategies for Regenerative Endodontic Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019 Nov 15;7:317. https://doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00317.PMID: 31803727; PMCID: PMC6874017.
Ravindran, V., Jeevanandan, G., Marimuthu, M., Panda, S., Syed, A. A., Vishwanathaiah, S., Khanagar, S., & Maganur, P. C. (2022). Comparison of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentine for Open Apex Management in Children with Nonvital Immature Permanent Teeth: A Systematic Review. European Journal of General Dentistry, 11(02), 084–093.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750090
Shaik, I., Dasari, B., Kolichala, R., Doos, M., Qadri, F., Arokiyasamy, J. L., & Tiwari, R. V. (2021). Comparison of the success rate of mineral trioxide aggregate, endosequence bioceramic root repair material, and calcium hydroxide for apexification of immature permanent teeth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 13(Suppl 1), S43–S47. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_810_20
Smith, J., Smith, A., Shelton, R., & Cooper, P. (2015). Dental pulp cell behavior in biomimetic environments. Journal of Dental Research, 94(11), 1552–1559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515599767
Songtrakul, K., Azarpajouh, T., Malek, M., Sigurdsson, A., Kahler, B., & Lin, L. M. (2020). Modified Apexification Procedure for Immature Permanent Teeth with a Necrotic Pulp/Apical Periodontitis: A Case Series. Journal of endodontics, 46(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.009
Tolibah, Y. A., Kouchaji, C., Lazkani, T., Ahmad, I. A., & Baghdadi, Z. D. (2022). Comparison of MTA versus Biodentine in Apexification Procedure for Nonvital Immature First Permanent Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Children, 9(3), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030410
Ulusoy, A. T., Turedi, I., Cimen, M., & Cehreli, Z. C. (2019). Evaluation of Blood Clot, Platelet-rich Plasma, Platelet-rich Fibrin, and Platelet Pellet as Scaffolds in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Journal Of Endodontics, 45(5), 560-566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.002
Verma, D., Garg, P. K., & Dubey, A. K. (2018). Insights into the human oral microbiome. Archives of Microbiology, 200(4), 525–540.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3
Yan, H., De Deus, G., Kristoffersen, I. M., Wiig, E., Reseland, J. E., Johnsen, G. F., Silva, E. J. L., & Haugen, H. J. (2023). Regenerative Endodontics by Cell Homing: A Review of Recent Clinical trials. Journal of Endodontics, 49(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2022.09.008
Yu, C. Y., & Abbott, P. V. (2018). Pulp microenvironment and mechanisms of pain arising from the dental pulp: From an endodontic perspective. Australian Endodontic Journal, 44(2),82–98.https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12257
Yuan, S., Yang, X., Wang, X., Chen, J., Tian, W., & Yang, B. (2023). Injectable xenogeneic dental pulp decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes functional dental pulp regeneration. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 24(24), 17483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417483
Zhang, X., Li, H., Sun, J., Luo, X., Yang, H., Xie, L., Yang, B., Guo, W., & Tian, W. (2017). Cell-derived micro-environment helps dental pulp stem cells promote dental pulp regeneration. Cell proliferation, 50(5), e12361. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12361
Zhou, C., Yuan, Z., Xu, H., Wu, L., Xie, C., & Liu, J. (2022). Regenerative endodontic procedures in immature permanent teeth with dental trauma: Current approaches and challenges. Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2021.767226
Alqahtani, Q., Zaky, S., Patil, A., Beniash, E., Ray, H., & Sfeir, C. (2018). Decellularized Swine Dental Pulp Tissue for Regenerative Root Canal Therapy. Journal Of Dental Research, 97(13), 1460-1467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518785124
Anitua, E., Troya, M., & Zalduendo, M. (2018). Progress in the use of dental pulpstem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy, 20(4), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011
Arruda, M. E., Neves, M. A., Diogenes, A., Mdala, I., Guilherme, B. P., Siqueira, J. F., & Rôças, I. N. (2018). Infection Control in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis Using a Triple Antibiotic Solution or Calcium Hydroxide with Chlorhexidine: A Rando- mized Clinical Trial. Journal of Endodontics, 44(10), 1474–1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.001
Aydin, S., & Şahin, F. (2019). Stem Cells Derived from Dental Tissues. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 123–132.https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_333
Belli, S., Eraslan, O., & Eskitaşcıoğlu, G. (2018). Effect of Different Treatment Options on Biomechanics of Immature Teeth: A Finite Element Stress Analysis Study. Journal of endodontics, 44(3), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.037
Chang B, Ahuja N, Ma C, Liu X. (2017). Injectable scaffolds: Preparation and application in dental and craniofacial regeneration. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2017 Jan;111:1-26. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2016.11.001.PMID: 28649171; PMCID: PMC5478172.
Colombo, J. S., Moore, A. N., Hartgerink, J. D., & D'Souza, R. N. (2014). Scaffolds to control inflammation and facilitate dental pulp regeneration. Journal of endodontics, 40(4 Suppl), S6–S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.019
De Paula, K. B. (2018). Calcium hypochlorite solutions — An in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial action and pulp dissolution. European Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.14744/eej.2018.64936
Dianat, O., Vatankhah, M., Khosravi, K., Zargar, N., Shirvani, A., & Nekoofar, M. (2022). Antibacterial efficacy of antibiotic pastes versus calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: A systematic review and meta-ana- lysis of ex vivo studies. Journal of Conservative Dentistry/Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 25(5), 463. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_183_22
Diogenes, A., & Hargreaves, K. M. (2017). Microbial modulation of stem cells and future directions in regenerative endodontics. Journal of Endodontics, 43(9), S95–S101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.012
Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. Scaffold-based and Scaffold-free Strategies in Dental Pulp Regeneration. J Endod. (2020) Sep;46(9S):S81-S89. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.022. PMID: 32950199.
Divya D, Naik SV, Raju OS, Shivani B, Basappa N, Betur AP. (2021) Conceptual combination of disinfection in regenerative endodontics: Conventional versus laser-assisted disinfection. J. Conserv Dent. 2021 May-Jun;24(3):252-259
Eramo, S., Natali, A., Pinna, R., & Milia, E. (2017). Dental pulp regeneration via cell homing. International Endodontic Journal, 51(4),405–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12868
Fouad, A. F., Diogenes, A. R., Torabinejad, M., & Hargreaves, K. M. (2022). Microbiome Changes during Regenerative Endodontic Treatment Using Different Methods of Disinfection. Journal of Endodontics, 48(10), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2022.07.004
Galler, K. M., & Widbiller, M. (2020). Cell-Free approaches for dental pulp tissue engineering. Journal of Endodontics, 46(9), S143–S149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.034
Hargreaves, K. M., Goodis, H. E., & Tay, F. R. (2012). Seltzer and Bender’s dental Pulp Quintessence Publishing (IL).
Huang, X., Li, Z., Liu, A., Liu, X., Guo, H., Wu, M., Yang, X., Han, B., & Xuan, K. (2021). Microenvironment Influences Odontogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated Dental Pulp Regeneration. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 656588.https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.656588
Jiang, X., Liu, H., & Peng, C. (2021). Conti- nued root development of immature permanent teeth after regenerative endodontics with or without a collagen membrane: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. International journal of paediatric dentistry, 32(2), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12853
Keinan, D., Asbi, T., Shalish, M., & Slutzky-Goldberg, I. (2022). An Assessment of the Effects of Orthodontic Treatment after Apexification of Traumatized Immature Permanent Teeth: A Retrospective Study. Journal of en- dodontics, 48(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.012
Kim, S. G., Malek, M., Sigurdsson, A., Lin, L. M., & Kahler, B. (2018). Regenerative endodontics: a comprehensive review. International endodontic journal, 51(12), 1367–1388. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12954
Lambrichts, I., Driesen, R. B., Dillen, Y., Gevois, P., Ratajczak, J., Vangansewinkel, T., Wolfs, E., Bronckaers, A., & Hilkens, P.
(2017). Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Their Potential in Reinnervation and Angiogenesis by Using Scaffolds. Journal of endodontics, 43(9S), S12–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joen.2017.06.001
Lee, H., Liang, C., Liao, L., & Tian, W. (2021). Advances in research on stem Cell-Based pulp regeneration. Jo’jig Gonghag Gwa Jaesaeng Uihag/Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 18(6), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-021-00389-2
Lin LM, Huang GT, Sigurdsson A, Kahler B. (/2021). Clinical cell-based versus cell-free regenerative endodontics: clarification of concept and term. Int Endod J. 2021 Jun;54(6):887-901. doi: 10.1111/iej.13471. Epub 2021 Jan 23. PMID: 33389773.
Lin, J., Zeng, Q., Wei, X., Zhao, W., Cui, M., Gu, J., Lu, J., Yang, M., & Ling, J. (2017). Regenerative Endodontics Versus Apexification in Immature Permanent Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of endodontics, 43(11), 1821–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.023
Mabrouk M, Beherei HH, Das DB. (2020). Recent progress in the fabrication techniques of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020 May;110:110716. https://doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110716. Epub 2020 Feb 3. PMID: 32204028.
Narayanan, L., & Vaishnavi, C. (2010). Endodontic microbiology. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 13(4), 233. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.73386
Neishabouri, A., Khaboushan, A. S., Daghigh, F., Kajbafzadeh, A., & Zolbin, M. M. (2022). Decellularization in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Evaluation, Modification, and Application Methods. Frontiers In Bioengineering And Biotechnology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.805299
Oliver-Urrutia, C., Ibañez, R. R., Flores-Merino, M. V., Vojtova, L., Salplachta, J., Čelko, L., Kaiser, J., & Montufar, E. B. (2021). Lyophilized Polyvinylpyrrolidone Hydrogel for Culture of Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells. Materials, 14(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010227
Puppala, R., Kethineni, B., Raghavendra, K. J., Abbas, A., Birapu, U. C., & Reddy, P. (2020). Efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as apical barriers in immature permanent teeth: a microbiological study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 13(6), 656–662. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1853
Raddall G, Mello I, Leung BM. Biomaterials and Scaffold Design Strategies for Regenerative Endodontic Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019 Nov 15;7:317. https://doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00317.PMID: 31803727; PMCID: PMC6874017.
Ravindran, V., Jeevanandan, G., Marimuthu, M., Panda, S., Syed, A. A., Vishwanathaiah, S., Khanagar, S., & Maganur, P. C. (2022). Comparison of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentine for Open Apex Management in Children with Nonvital Immature Permanent Teeth: A Systematic Review. European Journal of General Dentistry, 11(02), 084–093.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750090
Shaik, I., Dasari, B., Kolichala, R., Doos, M., Qadri, F., Arokiyasamy, J. L., & Tiwari, R. V. (2021). Comparison of the success rate of mineral trioxide aggregate, endosequence bioceramic root repair material, and calcium hydroxide for apexification of immature permanent teeth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 13(Suppl 1), S43–S47. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_810_20
Smith, J., Smith, A., Shelton, R., & Cooper, P. (2015). Dental pulp cell behavior in biomimetic environments. Journal of Dental Research, 94(11), 1552–1559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515599767
Songtrakul, K., Azarpajouh, T., Malek, M., Sigurdsson, A., Kahler, B., & Lin, L. M. (2020). Modified Apexification Procedure for Immature Permanent Teeth with a Necrotic Pulp/Apical Periodontitis: A Case Series. Journal of endodontics, 46(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.009
Tolibah, Y. A., Kouchaji, C., Lazkani, T., Ahmad, I. A., & Baghdadi, Z. D. (2022). Comparison of MTA versus Biodentine in Apexification Procedure for Nonvital Immature First Permanent Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Children, 9(3), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030410
Ulusoy, A. T., Turedi, I., Cimen, M., & Cehreli, Z. C. (2019). Evaluation of Blood Clot, Platelet-rich Plasma, Platelet-rich Fibrin, and Platelet Pellet as Scaffolds in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Journal Of Endodontics, 45(5), 560-566.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.002
Verma, D., Garg, P. K., & Dubey, A. K. (2018). Insights into the human oral microbiome. Archives of Microbiology, 200(4), 525–540.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3
Yan, H., De Deus, G., Kristoffersen, I. M., Wiig, E., Reseland, J. E., Johnsen, G. F., Silva, E. J. L., & Haugen, H. J. (2023). Regenerative Endodontics by Cell Homing: A Review of Recent Clinical trials. Journal of Endodontics, 49(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2022.09.008
Yu, C. Y., & Abbott, P. V. (2018). Pulp microenvironment and mechanisms of pain arising from the dental pulp: From an endodontic perspective. Australian Endodontic Journal, 44(2),82–98.https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12257
Yuan, S., Yang, X., Wang, X., Chen, J., Tian, W., & Yang, B. (2023). Injectable xenogeneic dental pulp decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes functional dental pulp regeneration. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 24(24), 17483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417483
Zhang, X., Li, H., Sun, J., Luo, X., Yang, H., Xie, L., Yang, B., Guo, W., & Tian, W. (2017). Cell-derived micro-environment helps dental pulp stem cells promote dental pulp regeneration. Cell proliferation, 50(5), e12361. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12361
Zhou, C., Yuan, Z., Xu, H., Wu, L., Xie, C., & Liu, J. (2022). Regenerative endodontic procedures in immature permanent teeth with dental trauma: Current approaches and challenges. Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2021.767226